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Manual acupuncture is the traditional form of acupuncture, where thin, sterile needles are inserted into specific points on the body. This technique has been practiced for thousands of years to balance the body’s energy flow (Qi) and restore harmony to the body’s systems. Manual acupuncture is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including pain, digestive issues, stress, insomnia, and more. It promotes relaxation, supports immune function, and encourages the body’s natural healing process.
Electro-acupuncture builds on traditional acupuncture by inserting needles into specific points and passing a small electrical current through them. The frequency of that current can dramatically influence which physiological systems respond.
Clinical Benefits
Reduces acute and chronic pain through endorphin release and nerve modulation
Promotes muscle recovery, circulation, and tissue healing
Regulates mood, anxiety, and stress responses
Supports neurological rehabilitation after injury or stroke
Aids scar treatment, softening adhesions and stimulating local tissue repair
Enhances overall vitality by balancing the autonomic nervous system
How Frequency Influences Healing
The frequency of the electrical current determines which biological systems respond and what kind of neurochemical effects occur.
Low frequencies (~2 Hz, Delta range) stimulate the release of endorphins and enkephalins, activating the body’s natural pain-relief and repair mechanisms. These settings are often used for acute injuries, tissue repair, low gut motility, and conditions that benefit from deep, long-term modulation.
Moderate frequencies (~10 Hz, Alpha range) promote calm, focus, and emotional regulation. They are commonly used for addiction recovery, trauma release, withdrawal support, and severe emotional stress—making 10 Hz a reliable, balancing frequency when overall nervous system regulation is the goal.
Higher frequencies (50–100 Hz, Beta–Gamma range) stimulate dynorphins, neuropeptides that provide rapid pain relief and influence mood and addiction pathways. These are used for chronic pain, nerve-related conditions, and faster symptom relief.
Mixed-frequency protocols (e.g., alternating 2 Hz and 100 Hz) combine the slow, sustained modulation of low frequency with the quick, dynamic response of high frequency—creating a synergistic analgesic and restorative effect supported by growing clinical research.
Mechanisms of Action
Modern research demonstrates that EA influences both neural and biochemical processes:
Activates μ (mu) and δ (delta) opioid receptors at low frequencies to release endorphins and enkephalins for long-term pain control.
Stimulates κ (kappa) receptors at high frequencies, producing dynorphins, which help regulate pain, mood, and addiction pathways.
Enhances microcirculatory flow, promoting oxygen delivery, nutrient exchange, and waste removal in local tissues.
Engages myelinated A-beta nerve fibers, which transmit signals faster than pain fibers (A-delta), effectively blocking pain at the spinal level and promoting a sense of calm.
Selected Research References
Han, J.S. (2003). “Acupuncture: Neuropeptide Release Produced by Electrical Stimulation.” Trends in Neurosciences.
Cheng, L.L. et al. (2012). “Effects of Electroacupuncture of Different Frequencies on Analgesia and Opioid Peptide Release.” PLoS ONE.
Torres, S.F. et al. (2019). “Low, High, and Alternating Frequency Electroacupuncture for Chronic Low Back Pain.” Trials.
Zhang, S. et al. (2024). “Frequency-Specific Effects of Electroacupuncture on Pain and Inflammatory Cytokines.” Journal of Neurophysiology.
Li, X. et al. (2022). “Research on Electroacupuncture Parameters for Knee Osteoarthritis.” Complementary Therapies in Medicine.
Trigger Point Dry Needling Acupuncture (TrPDNA) is a technique of resolving pain and compromised function by needling specific bands of tissue in muscle which are in a state of hyper-engagement.
These taut bands contain what are called "trigger points" which are areas in the muscle with restricted blood flow, lower oxygen saturation, and a lower pH. These circumstances lead to neurological responses leading to discomfort and altered function of the muscle.
The intent of TrPDNA is to change the structure of the local trigger points by using an acupuncture needle directed at the center of the point. This sometimes requires deep needling with repeated motions in and around the area. Multiple needles might be inserted along the taut band to resolve the local trigger points.
As TrPDNA is a more active form of acupuncture, there is a likelihood of experiencing post treatment soreness unique to this style. While it is rare to have post-treatment soreness with other forms of acupuncture, the intent of TrPDNA is to affect local tissue and therefore can result in muscle soreness similar to what you might experience following a strong workout. Depending on the area of your body that was needled, you might also have residual bruising.
Ear acupuncture, or auricular therapy, stimulates specific points on the ear that correspond to different organs and body systems. Small sterile needles or tiny ear beads are placed on these points to balance energy, calm the nervous system, and promote healing. The seeds can stay on for several days, offering gentle, continuous benefits without the need for full-body acupuncture.
How It Works
The ear is richly innervated by the vagus and trigeminal nerves, allowing stimulation to influence the autonomic nervous system. Research shows auricular acupuncture helps reduce pain and anxiety, improve sleep, and regulate stress responses by releasing endorphins and balancing sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.
(Huang et al., 2019; Yeh et al., 2015, Medical Acupuncture)
NADA Protocol
Developed in the 1970s, the NADA (National Acupuncture Detoxification Association) protocol uses five ear points, Shen Men, Sympathetic, Kidney, Liver, and Lung,to support addiction recovery, trauma, and emotional balance. Studies show it can lessen cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and insomnia while improving calm and focus.
(Carter et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2005)
Battlefield Acupuncture
Created by Dr. Richard Niemtzow for the U.S. Air Force, Battlefield Acupuncture (BFA) provides rapid, drug-free pain relief using small semi permanent gold needles placed in five ear points. It’s now used widely in military and VA clinics to manage acute and chronic pain.
(Fox et al., 2014; Federman et al., 2018)
Cupping is often used in combination with acupuncture to treat conditions such as muscle pain, stiffness, and inflammation.This service is only offered in combination with acupuncture and available for returning patients.
Cupping therapy works primarily through negative pressure — the suction created by the cup gently pulls the skin and superficial muscle layers upward. This mechanical stretch triggers a series of local physiological responses that support healing and circulation.
1. Increased Blood Flow and Microcirculation
The suction effect of cupping temporarily restricts blood flow to the area under the cup, creating mild, localized hypoxia (low oxygen). When the cup is removed, there is a reactive hyperemia response — blood rushes back into the tissue, dramatically increasing microcirculation.
Studies (Lowe 2017; Emerich 2020) show that skin blood flow can rise several-fold after cupping, improving oxygen and nutrient delivery to the area.
The process helps mobilize stagnant blood and encourages the removal of cellular waste products, which may contribute to reduced pain and muscle tension.
2. Understanding the Cup Marks
The round marks left by cupping are not bruises but visible evidence of localized capillary rupture and hemoglobin concentration in the tissue. The color varies depending on the degree of stagnation or metabolic waste in the area—darker marks often indicate greater congestion or reduced circulation.
As the body clears these pigments, the marks typically fade within a few days to a week. This process involves breakdown and reabsorption of hemoglobin, which in turn activates immune and lymphatic pathways to clear cellular debris and promote tissue renewal.
Research:
Lowe (2017) reported that the reactive hyperemia effect increases capillary permeability and hemoglobin turnover, supporting detoxification and immune activity in the treated area.
3. Detoxification and Lymphatic Drainage
The negative pressure of cupping helps stimulate lymphatic flow, aiding the body’s natural detoxification process. As interstitial fluids shift, metabolic by-products and inflammatory mediators are drawn to the surface and processed more efficiently by the lymphatic system.
This supports swelling reduction, tissue repair, and immune surveillance—helping the body clear stagnation and maintain healthy circulation.
Research:
Subadi et al. (2017, J Traditional & Complementary Medicine) found that cupping reduced inflammatory cytokines and increased antioxidant activity, suggesting improved detoxification and immune regulation.
4. Nervous System and Pain Modulation
Cupping may also influence the autonomic nervous system, promoting a parasympathetic (“rest-and-digest”) state. The combination of mechanical stimulation, improved blood flow, and immune activation contributes to pain relief and deep relaxation.
Patients often describe the sensation as grounding and soothing—reflecting the shift from stress response to recovery mode.
Research:
Studies like Emerich et al. (2020) note that increased skin perfusion and improved oxygenation after cupping may modulate sensory and pain pathways through neurovascular mechanisms.
Moxibustion is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that uses the gentle heat of burned mugwort (Artemisia argyi) to stimulate healing and restore balance in the body. When applied near specific acupuncture points, this soothing warmth promotes circulation, enhances the flow of energy (Qi), and supports the body’s natural ability to heal itself. Many patients describe the sensation as deeply soothing, like gentle sunlight warming the body from within.
Global Research and Immune Health
One of the most notable global initiatives, Moxafrica,(Moxafrica.org) has combined rigorous fieldwork and clinical research to explore moxibustion’s potential in immune health.
Their early pilot and randomized trials in Uganda and South Africa trained local health workers to deliver daily moxa alongside tuberculosis (TB) medication.
Since 2016, their work has expanded to North Korea and more recently into Long-COVID immune-support research.
Findings suggest moxibustion may help strengthen immune function, accelerate recovery from TB (including drug-resistant forms), and provide a low-cost, accessible adjunctive therapy in resource-limited settings.
Benefits of Moxibustion
Boosts Immune System Function
Moxibustion has been shown to enhance immune activity by modulating cytokines, T-cells, and macrophages.
Research: Zhang et al., 2020 (Front Immunol); Choi et al., 2004 (Am J Chin Med) Increases in natural killer (NK) cell activity and immunoglobulin production have been observed following moxa stimulation of ST36 (Zusanli).
Supports Digestive Health and Metabolism
Gentle heat improves gastrointestinal motility and regulates the gut microbiome.
Research: Wang et al., 2019 (World J Gastroenterol); Zhang et al., 2018 (Evid Based Complement Altern Med) Moxa therapy reduced intestinal inflammation and improved microbiota diversity in IBS and colitis models.
Relieves Menstrual Discomfort and Promotes Fertility
Moxa may regulate reproductive hormones and uterine blood flow.
Research: Lee et al., 2013 (J Altern Complement Med); Li et al., 2023 (Front Endocrinol) Systematic reviews show improvements in ovulation, endometrial thickness, and pregnancy rates when combined with acupuncture.
Reduces Joint and Muscle Pain (Including Arthritis)
Moxa’s thermal and biochemical effects help reduce inflammation and pain signaling.
Research: Gao et al., 2022 (Front Pharmacol); Li et al., 2020 (Medicine (Baltimore) Randomized trials indicate reduced inflammatory markers and pain scores in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis.
Encourages Optimal Fetal Positioning (Breech Correction)
Moxa at point BL67 (Zhiyin) stimulates uterine and fetal activity, helping turn breech babies.
Research: Cardini & Weixin, 1998 (JAMA); Cochrane Review (2012) Women receiving moxa showed significantly higher rates of cephalic presentation compared to controls.
Helps Alleviate Chronic Fatigue
Through immune modulation and nervous-system regulation, moxa may reduce fatigue and improve vitality.
Research: Research: Lee et al., 2021 (Front Neurosci); Zhao et al., 2023 (Transl Med) Systematic reviews suggest moxa alleviates chronic fatigue symptoms by improving mitochondrial function and lowering inflammation.
Promotes Faster Recovery from Injuries and Bruising
Moxibustion enhances microcirculation and supports tissue repair.
Research: Kim et al., 2014 (J Phys Ther Sci); Liu et al., 2022 (Front Physiol) Improved local blood flow and faster muscle recovery have been reported after mild moxibustion treatment.
Treatment Methods
Direct Moxa: Small moxa cones placed on a protective medium for focused warmth
Indirect Moxa: A lit moxa stick held above the skin for gentle heat
Needle Moxa: Moxa attached to acupuncture needles for deeper therapeutic penetration
Smokeless Moxa: A clean, low-odor option for sensitive individuals
At our clinic, we regularly incorporate a variety of topical herbal formulas into treatments and also prescribe high quality patent herbal formulas; pre-prepared, standardized blends that often offer the same therapeutic benefits as traditional loose leaf herbs. Each formula is carefully selected to match your individual needs. These patents are often easier to take, more palatable, and much simpler to incorporate into daily routines.
Tuina (pronounced twee-nah) is an ancient form of therapeutic massage and bodywork that has been practiced in China for over 2,000 years. The name literally means “push and grasp,” reflecting the hands-on techniques practitioners use to move Qi (vital energy), release tension, and restore balance within the body.
Rooted in Traditional Chinese Medicine principles, Tui Na shares the same theoretical foundation as acupuncture, focusing on meridians, acupoints, and the harmonious flow of energy and blood. It uses rhythmic compression, rolling, kneading, and stretching to treat musculoskeletal pain, internal imbalances, and stress-related conditions.
Why It’s Beneficial
Holistic Action: Addresses both musculoskeletal and internal organ imbalances by harmonizing the flow of Qi and blood.
Natural Pain Relief: Promotes endogenous endorphin release and reduces inflammation without medication.
Improved Mobility: Loosens tight muscles, tendons, and fascia to restore joint function and flexibility.
Stress Reduction: Calms the nervous system, enhances sleep, and improves mood regulation.
Preventive Health: Encourages balance and circulation to maintain resilience and vitality.
Tuina focuses on stimulating acupoints and meridians to improve circulation, reduce pain, and balance internal organ function.
The pressure and movement techniques increase local blood flow, improving nutrient and oxygen delivery to tissues.
Manual stimulation of acupoints helps regulate the nervous system, reduce inflammation, and trigger the release of endorphins.
It removes energetic stagnation (similar to acupuncture but through physical manipulation) and promotes smooth Qi and blood flow throughout the body.
What the Research Shows
Modern clinical and physiological research supports many of Tuina’s traditional claims, especially for pain relief, musculoskeletal health, and nervous system regulation:
Pain Management & Musculoskeletal Disorders
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that Tui Na significantly reduces chronic neck and lower back pain, often with outcomes comparable to physical therapy or acupuncture. (Chen et al., 2021, Complementary Therapies in Medicine)
Improved Circulation and Muscle Recovery
Studies using Doppler ultrasound and EMG measurements show Tui Na increases microcirculation and muscle oxygenation, aiding post-exercise recovery.
(Li et al., 2019, J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil)
Nervous System Regulation & Stress Relief
Research demonstrates that Tui Na can lower cortisol levels, enhance vagal activity, and promote parasympathetic (“rest and digest”) balance. (Wang et al., 2020, Frontiers in Neuroscience)
Pediatric & Internal Disorders
Clinical studies report positive outcomes for pediatric digestive and respiratory conditions, with improvements in immune markers and gastrointestinal motility. (Zhang et al., 2018, J Tradit Chin Med)
Kinesio Taping is a therapeutic method that uses elastic cotton tape to gently support muscles and joints without restricting movement. Developed by Dr. Kenzo Kase, this technique helps reduce pain, swelling, and tension while promoting natural healing.
The tape mimics the skin’s elasticity and lifts it slightly away from the underlying tissue, which improves circulation, lymphatic drainage, and pressure relief. This helps decrease inflammation, support weak muscles, and enhance body awareness and posture.
Kinesio Tape can be applied to treat sports injuries, joint pain, swelling, postural imbalances, and scar tissue, and is often used alongside acupuncture or bodywork to extend the benefits of treatment.
Research suggests that KT Tape may improve microcirculation, muscle function, and pain modulation, offering a gentle, non-invasive way to support recovery and mobility.
TDP Lamp Therapy, sometimes called Far Infrared Mineral Lamp Therapy, is a modern therapeutic device developed in China in the 1970s. lamp features a special mineral plate that emits a unique spectrum of far-infrared waves (2–25 microns) when heated. These wavelengths closely match the body’s natural electromagnetic emissions, allowing deep penetration into muscles, joints, and tissues.
This gentle radiant heat helps:
Increase blood flow and lymphatic drainage
Relax tight muscles and relieve joint stiffness
Reduce pain and inflammation
Accelerate tissue healing and recovery
Celluma Light Therapy is an FDA-cleared treatment that uses blue, red, and near-infrared LED light to naturally restore cellular health. Its patented, flexible design allows the panel to contour closely to the body for maximum absorption and effectiveness.
Blue light (465 nm) targets acne-causing bacteria to clarify skin.
Red light (640 nm) stimulates collagen and elastin production, improving tone and reducing wrinkles.
Near-infrared light (880 nm) penetrates deeper to relieve muscle and joint pain, reduce inflammation, and accelerate healing.
By enhancing cellular energy (ATP) and microcirculation, Celluma supports tissue repair, pain relief, and skin rejuvenation. Treatments are non-invasive, relaxing, and safe for all skin types.
Research supports LED phototherapy for improving skin health, reducing inflammation, and promoting tissue recovery (Avci et al., 2013; Hamblin 2017).